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Burmese python

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Burmese python

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<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>

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<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"> <a href="Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a>  (<a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1">[1]</a></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Snake" title="Snake">Serpentes</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><a href="Python_(genus)" title="Python (genus)">Python</a>

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">P. bivittatus</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Python bivittatus <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Heinrich_Kuhl" title="Heinrich Kuhl">Kuhl</a>, 1820)</div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Native distribution in green

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

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Python molurus bivittatus <a href="Heinrich_Kuhl" title="Heinrich Kuhl">Kuhl</a>, 1820

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The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is one of the <a href="List_of_largest_snakes" title="List of largest snakes">largest species</a> of <a href="Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>. It is native to a large area of <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and is listed as <a href="Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> on the <a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1">[1]</a> Until 2009, it was considered a subspecies of the <a href="Indian_python" title="Indian python">Indian python</a>, but is now recognized as a distinct <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It is an <a href="Burmese_pythons_in_Florida" title="Burmese pythons in Florida">invasive species in Florida</a> as a result of the <a href="Pet_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Pet trade">pet trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sarill,_M.-2016-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

The Burmese python is a dark-colored non-venomous snake with many brown blotches bordered by black down the back.

In the wild, Burmese pythons typically grow to 5 m (16 ft),<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campden-6">[6]</a> while specimens of more than 7 m (23 ft) are unconfirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Barker2012-7">[7]</a> This species is <a href="Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a> in size; females average only slightly longer, but are considerably heavier and bulkier than the males. For example, length-weight comparisons in captive Burmese pythons for individual females have shown: at 3.47 m (11 ft 5 in) length, a specimen weighed 29 kg (64 lb), a specimen of just over 4 m (13 ft) weighed 36 kg (79 lb), a specimen of 4.5 m (15 ft) weighed 40 kg (88 lb), and a specimen of 5 m (16 ft) weighed 75 kg (165 lb). In comparison, length-weight comparisons for males found: a specimen of 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) weighed 12 kg (26 lb), 2.97 m (9 ft 9 in) weighed 14.5 kg (32 lb), a specimen of 3 m (9.8 ft) weighed 7 kg (15 lb), and a specimen of 3.05 m (10.0 ft) weighed 18.5 kg (41 lb).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Groot2003-12">[12]</a> In general, individuals over 5 m (16 ft) are rare.<a href="#cite_note-SaintGirons-13">[13]</a> The record for maximum length of a Burmese python is 5.79 m (19 ft 0 in) and was caught 10 July 2023 in South Florida's Big Cypress National Preserve.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-14">[14]</a> Widely published data of specimens reported to have been several feet longer are not verified.<a href="#cite_note-Barker2012-7">[7]</a> At her death, a Burmese named "Baby" was the heaviest snake recorded in the world at the time at 182.8 kg (403 lb),<a href="#cite_note-Barker2012-7">[7]</a> much heavier than any wild snake ever measured.<a href="#cite_note-Riv00-15">[15]</a> Her length was measured at 5.74 m (18 ft 10 in) circa 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Barker2012-7">[7]</a> The minimum size for adults is 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in).<a href="#cite_note-Mur97-16">[16]</a> Dwarf forms occur in <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, and <a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, with an average length of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in Bali,<a href="#cite_note-McKay-17">[17]</a> and a maximum of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) on Sulawesi.<a href="#cite_note-LangVogel-18">[18]</a> Wild individuals average 3.7 m (12 ft) long,<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campden-6">[6]</a> but have been known to reach 5.79 m (19 ft 0 in).<a href="#cite_note-Jones-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3></div>

In both their native and invasive range they suffer from Raillietiella orientalis (a <a href="Pentastome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentastome">pentastome</a> parasitic disease).<a href="#cite_note-Waymer-2019-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div>

The Burmese python occurs throughout Southern and Southeast Asia, including eastern <a href="India" title="India">India</a>, southeastern <a href="Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, western <a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, southeastern <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, northern continental <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and southern China in <a href="Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, <a href="Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, and <a href="Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> It also occurs in <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and in <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> on <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a>, southern <a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, Bali, and <a href="Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It has also been reported in <a href="Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SoT-22">[22]</a>

It is an excellent swimmer and needs a permanent source of water. It lives in <a href="Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, marshes, swamps, rocky foothills, woodlands, river valleys, and jungles with open clearings. It is a good climber and has a <a href="Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a> tail. It can stay in water for 30 minutes but mostly stays on land.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_an_invasive_species">As an invasive species</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Burmese_pythons_in_Florida" title="Burmese pythons in Florida">Burmese pythons in Florida</a></div>

Python invasion has been particularly extensive, notably across <a href="South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, where a large number of pythons can now be found in the Florida <a href="Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-invspinfo-24">[24]</a> Between 1996 and 2006, the Burmese python gained popularity in the pet trade, with more than 90,000 snakes imported into the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Walters-2016-25">[25]</a> The current number of Burmese pythons in the Florida Everglades may have reached a <a href="Minimum_viable_population" title="Minimum viable population">minimum viable population</a> and become an <a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. <a href="Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Hurricane Andrew</a> in 1992 was deemed responsible for the destruction of a python-breeding facility and zoo, and these escaped snakes spread and populated areas into the Everglades.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A genetic study in 2017 revealed that the python population is composed of hybrids between the Burmese python and Indian python. The species also displays <a href="Cytonuclear_discordance" title="Cytonuclear discordance">cytonuclear discordance</a> which has made phylogenetic studies of its origin more complicated.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> As of 2024, the population in the Florida Everglades was estimated anywhere between 30,000 and 300,000 Burmese pythons.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

By 2007, the Burmese python was found in northern Florida and in the coastal areas of the <a href="Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle</a>. The importation of Burmese pythons was banned in the United States in January 2012 by the <a href="U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Fish_&_Wildlife_Service,_2012-29">[29]</a> A 2012 report stated, "in areas where the snakes are well established, foxes, and rabbits have disappeared. Sightings of <a href="Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a> are down by 99.3%, <a href="Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a> by 98.9%, and <a href="White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> by 94.1%."<a href="#cite_note-Adams-30">[30]</a> Road surveys between 2003 and 2011 indicated an 87.3% decrease in bobcat populations, and in some areas rabbits have not been detected at all.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Experimental efforts to reintroduce rabbit populations to areas where rabbits have been eliminated have mostly failed "due to high (77% of mortalities) rates of predation by pythons."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Bird and <a href="Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> populations may be threatened, as well as the already-rare <a href="Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-30">[30]</a> In addition to this correlational relationship, the pythons have also been experimentally shown to decrease marsh rabbit populations, further suggesting they are responsible for many of the recorded mammal declines. They may also outcompete native predators for food.<a href="#cite_note-McCleery-2015-33">[33]</a>

By 2011, researchers identified up to 25 species of birds from nine avian orders in the digestive tract remains of 85 Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park.<a href="#cite_note-Dove-2011-34">[34]</a> Native bird populations are suffering a negative impact from the introduction of the Burmese python in Florida; among these bird species, the <a href="Wood_stork" title="Wood stork">wood stork</a> is of specific concern, now listed as federally endangered.<a href="#cite_note-Dove-2011-34">[34]</a>

Numerous efforts have been made to eliminate the Burmese python population in the last decade. Understanding the preferred habitat of the species is needed to narrow down the python hunt. Burmese pythons have been found to select broad-leafed and low-flooded habitats. Broad-leafed habitats comprise cypress, overstory, and coniferous forest. Though aquatic marsh environments would be a great source for prey, the pythons seem to prioritize environments allowing for morphological and behavioral camouflage to be protected from predators. Also, the Burmese pythons in Florida have been found to prefer elevated habitats, since this provides the optimal conditions for nesting. In addition to elevated habitats, edge habitats are common places where Burmese pythons are found for thermoregulation, nesting, and hunting purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Walters-2016-25">[25]</a>

One of the Burmese python eradication movements with the biggest influence was the 2013 <a href="Florida_Python_Challenge" title="Florida Python Challenge">Florida Python Challenge</a>. This was a month-long contest wherein a total of 68 pythons were removed. The contest offered incentives such as prizes for longest and greatest number of captured pythons. The purpose of the challenge was to raise awareness about the invasive species, increase participation from the public and agency cooperation, and to remove as many pythons as possible from the Florida Everglades.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The challenge has run a few times again since then and is now an annual event over the duration of ten days.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Recently, in 2023, it resulted in 209 pythons removed by 1,050 participants.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

A study from 2017 introduced a new method for identifying the presence of Burmese pythons in southern Florida; this method involves the screening of mosquito blood. Since the introduction of the Burmese python in Florida, mosquito communities use the pythons as hosts even though they are recently introduced.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

Invasive Burmese pythons also face certain physiological changes. Unlike their native South Asian counterparts who spend long periods fasting due to seasonal variation in prey availability, pythons in Florida feed year-round due to the constant availability of food. They are also vulnerable to cold stress, with winter freezes resulting in mortality rates of up to 90%. Genomic data suggests natural selection on these populations favors increased thermal tolerance as a result of these high-mortality freezes.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

They have carried Raillietiella orientalis, a <a href="Pentastome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentastome">pentastome</a> parasitic disease, with them from Southeast Asia. Other reptiles in Florida have become infested, and the parasite appears to have become endemic.<a href="#cite_note-Waymer-2019-19">[19]</a>

In April 2019, researchers captured and killed a large Burmese python in Florida's <a href="Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a>. It was more than 5.2 m (17 ft) long, weighed 64 kg (140 lb), and contained 73 developing eggs.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

In December 2021, a Burmese python was captured in Florida that weighed 98 kg (215 lb) and had a length of 5.5 m (18 ft); it contained a record 122 developing eggs.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

In July 2023, local hunters captured and killed a 5.8 m (19 ft) long Burmese python that weighed 57 kg (125 lb) in Florida's Big Cypress National Preserve.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div>

Burmese pythons are mainly <a href="Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> <a href="Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> dwellers.<a href="#cite_note-Burmese_Python-42">[42]</a> When young, they are equally at home on the ground and in trees, but as they gain girth, they tend to restrict most of their movements to the ground. They are also excellent swimmers, being able to stay submerged for up to half an hour. Burmese pythons spend the majority of their time hidden in the underbrush. In the northern parts of its range, the Burmese python may <a href="Brumate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumate">brumate</a> for some months during the cold season in a hollow tree, a hole in the riverbank, or under rocks. Brumation<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> is biologically distinct from hibernation. While the behavior has similar benefits, allowing organisms to endure the winter without moving, it also involves the preparation of both male and female reproductive organs for the upcoming breeding season. The Florida population also goes through brumation.<a href="#cite_note-Ohio-State-Science-Bites-44">[44]</a>

They tend to be solitary and are usually found in pairs only when mating. Burmese pythons breed in the early spring, with females laying clutches of 12–36 eggs in March or April. They remain with the eggs until they hatch, wrapping around them and twitching their muscles in such a way as to raise the ambient temperature around the eggs by several degrees. Once the hatchlings use their <a href="Egg_tooth" title="Egg tooth">egg tooth</a> to cut their way out of their eggs, no further maternal care is given. The newly hatched babies often remain inside their eggs until they are ready to complete their first shedding of skin, after which they hunt for their first meal.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</h3></div>

The Burmese python is able to <a href="Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">reproduce asexually</a> when in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-Groot2003-12">[12]</a> Offspring are clones of their mother and reproduction appears to be by a <a href="Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenetic mechanism</a> that involves a modification of the <a href="Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiotic process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Groot2003-12">[12]</a>

Like all snakes, the Burmese python is <a href="Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a>. Its diet consists primarily of birds and mammals, but also includes amphibians and reptiles. It is a sit-and-wait predator, meaning it spends most of its time staying relatively still, waiting for prey to approach, then striking rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_J.-1995-46">[46]</a> The snake grabs a prey animal with its sharp teeth, then wraps its body around the animal to kill it through <a href="Constriction" title="Constriction">constriction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The python then swallows its prey whole. It is often found near human habitation due to the presence of rats, mice, and other <a href="Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a> as a food source. However, its equal affinity for domesticated birds and mammals means it is often treated as a pest. In captivity, its diet consists primarily of commercially available appropriately sized rats, graduating to larger prey such as rabbits and <a href="Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> as it grows. As an invasive species in Florida, Burmese pythons primarily eat a variety of small mammals including foxes, rabbits, and raccoons. Due to their high predation levels, they have been implicated in the decline and even disappearance of many mammal species.<a href="#cite_note-Sarill,_M.-2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCleery-2015-33">[33]</a> In their invasive range, pythons also eat birds and occasionally other reptiles. Exceptionally large pythons may even require larger food items such as pigs or goats, and are known to have attacked and eaten <a href="Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a> and adult <a href="Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> in Florida.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3></div>

The digestive response of Burmese pythons to such large prey has made them a model species for digestive physiology. Its sit-and-wait hunting style is characterized by long fasting periods in between meals, with Burmese pythons typically feeding every month or two, but sometimes fasting for as long as 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_J.-1995-46">[46]</a> As digestive tissues are energetically costly to maintain, they are downregulated during fasting periods to conserve energy when they are not in use.<a href="#cite_note-Beese,_K.-2001-49">[49]</a> A fasting python has a reduced stomach volume and acidity, reduced intestinal mass, and a 'normal' heart volume. After ingesting prey, the entire digestive system undergoes a massive re-modelling, with rapid hypertrophy of the intestines, production of stomach acid, and a 40% increase in mass of the ventricle of the heart to fuel the digestive process.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> During digestion, the snake's oxygen consumption rises drastically as well, increasing with meal size by 17 to 40 times its resting rate.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_J.-1995-46">[46]</a> This dramatic increase is a result of the energetic cost of restarting many aspects of the digestive system, from rebuilding the stomach and small intestine to producing <a href="Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> to be secreted in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid production is a significant component of the energetic cost of digestion, as digesting whole prey items requires the animal to be broken down without the use of teeth, either for chewing or tearing into smaller pieces. To compensate, once food has been ingested, Burmese pythons begin producing large amounts of acid to make the stomach acidic enough to turn the food into a semi-liquid that can be passed through to the small intestine and undergo the rest of the digestive process.

The energy cost is highest in the first few days after eating when these regenerative processes are most active, meaning Burmese pythons rely on existing food energy storage to digest a new meal.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond,_J.-1995-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Overall, the entire digestive process from food intake to defecation lasts 8–14 days.<a href="#cite_note-Beese,_K.-2001-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div>

The Burmese python is listed on <a href="CITES_Appendix_II" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix II">CITES Appendix II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1">[1]</a> It has been listed as <a href="Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> on the <a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> since 2012, as the wild population is estimated to have declined by at least 30% in the first decade of the 21st century due to <a href="Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and over-harvesting.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1">[1]</a>

To maintain Burmese python populations, the IUCN recommends increased conservation legislation and enforcement at the national and international levels to reduce harvesting across the snake's native range. The IUCN also recommends increased research into its population ecology and threats. In Hong Kong, it is a <a href="List_of_protected_species_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of protected species in Hong Kong">protected species</a> under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It is also protected in Thailand, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. However, it is still common only in Hong Kong and Thailand, with rare to very rare statuses in the rest of its range.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_captivity">In captivity</h2></div>

Burmese pythons are often sold as pets, and are made popular by their attractive coloration and apparently easy-going nature. However, they have a rapid growth rate, and can exceed 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) in length in a year if power fed. However this may cause health issues in the future. By age four, they will have reached their adult size, though they continue growing very slowly throughout their lives, which may exceed 20 years.

Although the species has a reputation for docility, they are very powerful animals – capable of inflicting severe bites and even killing by constriction.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> They also consume large amounts of food, and due to their size, require large, often custom-built, secure enclosures. As a result, some are released into the wild, and become invasive species that devastate the environment. For this reason, some jurisdictions (including Florida, due to the python invasion in the Everglades<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>) have placed restrictions on the keeping of Burmese pythons as pets. Violators could be imprisoned for more than seven years or fined $500,000 if convicted.

Burmese pythons are opportunistic feeders;<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> they eat almost any time food is offered, and often act hungry even when they have recently eaten. As a result, they are often overfed, causing <a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>-related problems to be common in captive Burmese pythons.

Like the much smaller <a href="Ball_python" title="Ball python">ball python</a>, Burmese pythons are known to be easygoing or timid creatures, which means that if cared for properly, they can easily adjust to living near humans.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling">Handling</h3></div>

Although pythons are typically afraid of people due to their great stature, and generally avoid them, special care is still required when handling them. Given their adult strength, multiple handlers (up to one person per meter of snake) are usually recommended.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Some jurisdictions require owners to hold special licenses, and as with any wild animal being kept in captivity, treating them with the respect an animal of this size commands is important.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3></div>

The Burmese python is frequently captive-bred for color, pattern, and more recently, size. Its <a href="Amelanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Amelanistic">amelanistic</a> form is especially popular and is the most widely available morph. This morph is white with patterns in butterscotch yellow and burnt orange. Also, "labyrinth" specimens with maze-like patterns, khaki-colored "green", and "granite" with many small angular spots are available. Breeders have recently begun working with an island lineage of Burmese pythons. Early reports indicate that these <a href="Dwarf_Burmese_python" title="Dwarf Burmese python">dwarf Burmese pythons</a> have slightly different coloring and pattern from their mainland relatives and do not grow much over 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) in length. One of the most sought-after of these variations is the <a href="Leucistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucistic">leucistic</a> Burmese. This particular variety is very rare, being entirely bright white with no pattern and blue eyes, and has only in 2008/2009 been reproduced in captivity as the <a href="Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> form (referred to as "super" by reptile keepers) of the co-dominant <a href="Hypomelanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypomelanistic">hypomelanistic</a> trait. The caramel Burmese python has a caramel-colored pattern with "milk-chocolate" eyes.

<ul><li><a href="Inclusion_body_disease" title="Inclusion body disease">Inclusion body disease</a>, a viral disease affecting pythons</li>

<li><a href="Burmese_pythons_in_Florida" title="Burmese pythons in Florida">Burmese pythons in Florida</a></li>

<li><a href="Florida_Python_Challenge" title="Florida Python Challenge">Florida Python Challenge</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurrage2010" class="citation news cs1">Burrage G (30 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501023817/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/state/new-law-makes-burmese-python-illegal-in-florida">"New law makes Burmese python illegal in Florida"</a>. Abcactionnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/state/new-law-makes-burmese-python-illegal-in-florida">the original</a> on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrzechowskiRomagosaFrederick2019" class="citation journal cs1">Orzechowski SC, Romagosa CM, Frederick PC (2019-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10530-019-01979-x">"Invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are novel nest predators in wading bird colonies of the Florida Everglades"</a>. Biological Invasions. 21 (7): 2333–2344. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019BiInv..21.2333O">2019BiInv..21.2333O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10530-019-01979-x">10.1007/s10530-019-01979-x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:102350541">102350541</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022073544/https://www.gbif.org/species/144100053">"Python bivittatus (Kuhl, 1820)"</a>. www.gbif.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/144100053">the original</a> on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anapsid.org/handling.html">"Playing with the Big Boys: Handling Large Constrictors"</a>. www.anapsid.org. Retrieved 8 September 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aldf.org/focus_area/captive-animals/">"Captive Animals - Most states have no laws governing captive wild animals"</a>. <a href="Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a>. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFChristy2008" class="citation book cs1">Christy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1C3OeVb6_twC">The Lizard King: The True Crimes and Passions of the World's Greatest Reptile Smugglers</a>. New York: TWELVE. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-446-58095-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMattison1999" class="citation book cs1">Mattison C (1999). Snake. DK Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7894-4660-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWillsonDorcasSnow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Willson JD, Dorcas ME, Snow RW (2010-11-21). "Identifying plausible scenarios for the establishment of invasive Burmese pythons (Python molurus) in Southern Florida". Biological Invasions. 13 (7): 1493–1504. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10530-010-9908-3">10.1007/s10530-010-9908-3</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207096799">207096799</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/viewmap.cfm?sub=20461">Burmese python (Python molurus) - EDDMapS State Distribution - EDDMapS</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/vertebrates/burmese-python">Species profile - Burmese Python (Python molurus)</a>, National Invasive Species Information Center, <a href="United_States_National_Agricultural_Library" title="United States National Agricultural Library">U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Family_Pythonidae264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Antaresia" title="Antaresia">Antaresia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Children's_python" title="Children's python">Antaresia childreni</a></li>

<li><a href="Spotted_python" title="Spotted python">Antaresia maculosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Pygmy_python" title="Pygmy python">Antaresia perthensis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apodora" title="Apodora">Apodora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apodora" title="Apodora">Apodora papuana</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aspidites" title="Aspidites">Aspidites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black-headed_python" title="Black-headed python">Aspidites melanocephalus</a></li>

<li><a href="Woma_python" title="Woma python">Aspidites ramsayi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bismarck_ringed_python" title="Bismarck ringed python">Bothrochilus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bismarck_ringed_python" title="Bismarck ringed python">Bothrochilus boa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Leiopython" title="Leiopython">Leiopython</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="D'Albertis_python" title="D'Albertis python">Leiopython albertisii</a></li>

<li><a href="Leiopython_biakensis" title="Leiopython biakensis">Leiopython biakensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Leiopython_fredparkeri" title="Leiopython fredparkeri">Leiopython fredparkeri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Liasis" title="Liasis">Liasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Water_python" title="Water python">Liasis fuscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Liasis_mackloti" title="Liasis mackloti">Liasis mackloti</a></li>

<li><a href="Olive_python" title="Olive python">Liasis olivaceus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Malayopython" title="Malayopython">Malayopython</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Reticulated_python" title="Reticulated python">Malayopython reticulatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Timor_python" title="Timor python">Malayopython timoriensis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Morelia_(snake)" title="Morelia (snake)">Morelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Morelia_azurea" title="Morelia azurea">Morelia azurea</a></li>

<li><a href="Morelia_bredli" title="Morelia bredli">Morelia bredli</a></li>

<li><a href="Morelia_carinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Morelia carinata">Morelia carinata</a></li>

<li><a href="Morelia_imbricata" title="Morelia imbricata">Morelia imbricata</a></li>

<li><a href="Morelia_spilota" title="Morelia spilota">Morelia spilota</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_tree_python" title="Green tree python">Morelia viridis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nyctophilopython" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctophilopython">Nyctophilopython</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oenpelli_python" title="Oenpelli python">Nyctophilopython oenpelliensis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Python_(genus)" title="Python (genus)">Python</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Python_anchietae" title="Python anchietae">Python anchietae</a></li>

<li><a href="Borneo_python" title="Borneo python">Python breitensteini</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_brongersmai" title="Python brongersmai">Python brongersmai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumatran_short-tailed_python" title="Sumatran short-tailed python">Python curtus</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_kyaiktiyo" title="Python kyaiktiyo">Python kyaiktiyo</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_python" title="Indian python">Python molurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_African_rock_python" title="Southern African rock python">Python natalensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ball_python" title="Ball python">Python regius</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_African_rock_python" title="Central African rock python">Python sebae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Simalia" title="Simalia">Simalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amethystine_python" title="Amethystine python">Simalia amethistina</a></li>

<li><a href="Simalia_boeleni" title="Simalia boeleni">Simalia boeleni</a></li>

<li><a href="Simalia_clastolepis" title="Simalia clastolepis">Simalia clastolepis</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_scrub_python" title="Australian scrub python">Simalia kinghorni</a></li>

<li><a href="Simalia_nauta" title="Simalia nauta">Simalia nauta</a></li>

<li><a href="Simalia_tracyae" title="Simalia tracyae">Simalia tracyae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2953" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2953" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Python bivittatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2716137" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q2716137">Q2716137</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Python_bivittatus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Python bivittatus">Python bivittatus</a></li>

<li><a href="ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/python-bivittatus/">python-bivittatus</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PYTNBI">PYTNBI</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10476314">10476314</a></li>

<li><a href="Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">RD</a>: <a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DPython%26species%3Dbivittatus">bivittatus</a></li>

<li><a href="CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/8396">8396</a></li>

<li>Taxonomicon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=1685405">1685405</a></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2716137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata554" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2716137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546616405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/e0017cd0-e2a2-4070-9813-4ce8b597cf49">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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